Performance Enhancement of a Quartz Tuning Fork Sensor Using a Cellulose Nanocrystal-Reinforced Nanoporous Polymer Fiber.

A cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)-reinforced polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) fiber was obtained via electrospinning, and then attached between the two tines of a quartz tuning fork (QTF). The change in the resonance frequency of the CNC/PMMA composite fiber-coated QTF (CP-QTF) was measured upon being exposed to various concentrations of ethanol vapor. The frequency decreased as the ethanol vapor concentration increased, because the modulus of the composite fiber decreased due to the adsorption of the ethanol vapor. The composite fiber obtained at a high relative humidity (RH; 60% RH, CP60 fiber) produced a highly porous structure as a result of the moisture adsorption-induced phase separation of PMMA. The porosity of the CP60 fiber was higher than that of a CNC/PMMA composite fiber obtained at 30% RH (CP30 fiber) or that of a plain PMMA fiber obtained at 60% RH (P60 fiber), because hygroscopic CNCs promote moisture adsorption. The CP60 fiber-coated QTF (CP60-QTF) exhibited a greater frequency change and faster response time than P60-QTF and CP30-QTF upon exposure to ethanol vapor at the same concentration. The enhanced performance of CP60-QTF was attributed to its higher surface area and larger fiber modulus.

Growth of hierarchical gold clusters for use in superomniphobic electrodes.

We developed a method to fabricate a superomniphobic gold electrode by synthesizing hierarchical gold clusters on a gold substrate and treating the surface with low surface energy materials. The reduction of gold ions was repeated several times, causing the gold microparticles to grow in random directions and form hierarchical gold clusters. Treatment of the gold structures with perfluorothiol resulted in a superhydrophobic surface that also exhibited superoleophobicity for oils and liquids with surface tensions as low as 25.6 mN. The resulting electrode was not contaminated by hydrophilic and hydrophobic liquids, and by analyzing the current-voltage characteristics of the electrode with a PEDOT:PSS solution droplet, the electrode was found to be waterproof.

Effect of liquid droplet surface tension on impact dynamics over hierarchical nanostructure surfaces.

Analyzing impact dynamics is important for practical applications of superhydrophobic surfaces, because these nonwetting surfaces frequently encounter impacting liquid droplets in real environments. Thus, various studies have been conducted to investigate impact dynamics by examining the correlation between the behaviors of impacting liquid droplets and several determining parameters, such as impacting velocity, surface structure and surface energy. The impacting behaviors of pure water droplets were the main focus in most previous studies; the effect of surface tension, another critical parameter, on impact dynamics has rarely been investigated. In the current work, we have newly studied the effects of liquid surface tension on impact dynamics using an ethanol-water solution as a model liquid system. We systematically varied the liquid's surface tension between 72 and 32 mN m-1 by changing the ethanol concentration from 0 to 20 wt%. This range of composition drastically changed the surface tension while it did not significantly affect other physical properties, such as density and viscosity. For an impact dynamics study, two surfaces, namely ZnO nanowires (NWs) and ZnO/Si hierarchical (HIE) structures, were prepared. As the surface tension decreased, the static water contact angle (CA) decreased on both surfaces. Under dynamic conditions, our analysis using a high-speed camera and a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) showed that lowering the surface tension causes the transition from the anti-wetting to wetting state. The transition We numbers were obtained on both surfaces for various surface tensions of liquids. Under the same dropping conditions of liquids, the ZnO/Si HIE surface shows higher transition We numbers than the ZnO NW surface, which is due to the higher fraction of air pockets in the hierarchical structure, originating from dual dimensional structures. To understand the mechanism of dynamic transition, we developed a model for ZnO/Si HIE structures based on three determining pressures: anti-wetting, wetting, and effective water hammer pressures. The modeling results explain the experimental observations. The results of our model system are highly useful for understanding the impact dynamic behaviors of various liquids on non-wetting surfaces.

Performance Enhancement of a Microfabricated Resonator Using Electrospun Nanoporous Polymer Wire.

A nanoporous poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) wire was prepared by electrospinning under high humidity and attached between two prongs of a microfabricated quartz tuning fork (QTF). Exposure of the QTF to ethanol vapor caused a frequency shift due to a decrease in the modulus of the PMMA wire, and the frequency change increased as the concentration of ethanol vapor increased. The nanoporous wire-coated QTF exhibited higher sensitivity and faster response time than a plain wire-coated QTF, which was attributed to the high surface area and pore networks facilitating the transport of ethanol molecules inside the PMMA wire.

Dual dimensional nanostructures with highly durable non-wetting properties under dynamic and underwater conditions.

Non-wetting states with high durability under both dynamic and underwater conditions are very desirable for practical applications of superhydrophobic surfaces in various fields. Despite increasing demands for this dual stability of non-wetting surfaces, studies investigating both the impact dynamics and underwater stability are very rare. In the current study, we performed water droplet impact dynamics and underwater stability studies using ZnO/Si hierarchical nanostructures (HNs) as a model system. The effects of the surface structure on the non-wetting states under dynamic conditions were first studied by comparing various surface structures, such as ZnO nanowires (NWs), Si microposts (MPs), ZnO/Si HNs with controlled MP interspacings, and lotus leaf (LL). The growth of ZnO NWs on Si MPs drastically improves the non-wetting properties of Si MPs under dynamic conditions. The transition of wetting states from the Cassie-Baxter state to the Wenzel state occurs on ZnO/Si HNs as the impact velocity increases. Measurement of the critical We number during transition enables us to determine the important parameters of wetting pressure using a simple model. Moreover, compared to Si MPs, ZnO NWs, and LL, our ZnO/Si HNs exhibit dramatically increased air pocket lifetimes under underwater conditions, which is due to the enhanced capillary pressure originating from the dual dimensional hierarchical structure. Our study indicates that optimally designed hierarchical surfaces have remarkably high durability non-wetting states under both dynamic and underwater conditions, expanding the potential application of non-wetting surfaces.

Magnetorheological Elastomer Films with Tunable Wetting and Adhesion Properties.

We fabricated magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) films consisting of polydimethylsiloxane and various concentrations of fluorinated carbonyl iron particles. The application of a magnetic field to the MRE film induced changes in the surface morphology due to the alignment of the iron particles along the magnetic field lines. At low concentrations of iron particles and low magnetic field intensities, needle-like microstructures predominated. These structures formed more mountain-like microstructures as the concentration of iron particles or the magnetic field intensity increased. The surface roughness increased the water contact angle from 100° to 160° and decreased the sliding angle from 180° to 10°. The wettability and adhesion properties changed substantially within a few seconds simply upon application of a magnetic field. Cyclical measurements revealed that the transition was completely reversible.

Adsorption and desorption characteristics of alcohol vapors on a nanoporous ZIF-8 film investigated using silicon microcantilevers.

Zinc oxide nanorods were synthesized directly on a silicon microcantilever and converted into a nanoporous ZIF-8 film via a solvothermal reaction. The simultaneous measurements of the resonance frequency and deflection of the cantilever revealed that the adsorption of alcohol vapors induced a structural change in the ZIF-8 framework.